When it comes to weight as a risk factor for surgical complications, especially for total shoulder arthroplasty, most research has focused on obesity, but a new study, “Underweight Patients are the Greatest Risk Body Mass Index Group for Perioperative Adverse Events Following Total Shoulder Arthroplasty” that was presented at the 2019 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) in Las Vegas, Nevada, points to underweight patients having a higher risk of adverse events and infection following total shoulder arthroplasty than any other body mass index (BMI) category, including the morbidly obese.
“Overweight patients are frequently delayed or denied from surgery due to their weight,” said Jonathan Grauer, M.D., professor and interim chair, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation at Yale School of Medicine.
“In the past, literature has predominantly stated that overweight patients are at risk of adverse outcomes, however, more recently studies have started to state a more mixed picture. Although there are many studies investigating the effect of obesity on outcomes, underweight patients on the other end of the BMI spectrum are often not considered in these studies and have largely been underrepresented.”
The researchers analyzed data from 15,725 patients undergoing elective total shoulder arthroplasty that were pulled from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Patients were stratified by World Health Organization BMI categories: underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2), obese (BMI of greater than 30.0 to 39.9 kg/m2), morbidly obese (BMI of greater than 40.0 to 49.9 kg/m2), and super morbidly obese (BMI greater than 50.0 kg/m2).
According to the data collected, underweight patients were more likely to experience a major adverse event such as cardiac arrest or a major infection following total shoulder arthroplasty. Compared to normal weight patients, underweight patients experienced more adverse events within 30 days after surgery (12.07% vs. 3.82%).
Underweight patients were also 4.01 time more likely to develop postoperative infections, 2.11 times more likely to be readmitted to the hospital within 30 days following surgery and were more likely to need revision surgery.
“As we looked into the literature, we found that previous studies were aggregating the patients in a variety of ways—how they were defining the BMI parameters of obesity and then putting patients into groups such as obese or morbidly obese—and then running the analysis, was all different,” said Taylor Ottesen, a medical student, class of 2020, Yale School of Medicine.
“Some studies considered anyone with a BMI of over 35 as obese; however, someone with a BMI of 35 is very different from someone with a BMI of 55, but they are putting them in the same group. We felt these groups needed to be more granular so we decided to take the World Health Organization categories of BMI and then run the analysis based on their striations of multiple tiers of obesity.”
With the recalculation, the researchers found that the super morbidly obese patients were actually not more likely to experience any adverse event (3.65% vs. 3.82%), which is consistent with some of the newer literature. In fact, overall overweight patients actually had the lowest rate of adverse events.
